SUMMARY

FOR PDF:

While Loop:
The while loop repeats a block of code as long as a condition is true. It’s useful when you don’t know how many times the loop should run beforehand.
Do While Loop:
The do-while loop guarantees that the code inside the loop runs at least once, even if the condition is false afterward.
For Loop:
The for loop is used when you know exactly how many times you want to repeat something. It has a more compact structure than the while loop, specifying initialization, condition, and increment/decrement all in one line.
Multiple Loop Variables:
You can use multiple variables to control a loop. This allows more flexibility, such as having one variable count up and another count down, for example.
Break Statement:
The break statement immediately stops the loop, even if the loop’s condition is still true. It’s often used when a certain condition is met, and you want to exit the loop early.
Goto Statement:
The goto statement jumps to a specific point in the program. It can be useful but should be used carefully as it can make the program harder to follow.
Continue Statement:
The continue statement skips the rest of the code inside the loop for the current iteration and goes back to the next iteration of the loop.

Array Notation and Representation:
An array is a collection of elements of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations. You access elements in an array using their index, starting from 0.
Manipulating Array Elements:
Array elements can be changed or accessed by referring to their index. This lets you modify or use the array values throughout the program.
Multi-Dimensional Arrays:
Arrays can have multiple dimensions, like a 2D array for a matrix. This allows you to work with more complex data structures, such as rows and columns.
Character Arrays and Strings:
A string is essentially a character array, with a special symbol \0 at the end to mark the end of the string. This allows storing text in a variable.

Structure:
A structure is a user-defined data type that groups different types of variables together. You can store related data like a person's name and age in a single structure.
Union:
A union is similar to a structure but can only store one member at a time. It uses less memory since all members share the same memory space.
Enumerated Data Types (Enums):
An enum defines a set of named integer constants. It’s useful for representing related values with meaningful names, like days of the week or months of the year.
Array of Structures:
An array of structures allows you to store multiple records, where each record is a structure. This helps in organizing complex data like a list of people with their names and ages.

When you pass an array to a function, you pass its reference (or address). This means the function can modify the original array, allowing you to work with the array’s contents directly inside the function.