AKTU: Engineering Chemistry UNIT 1 | PART 2 | QuickShot

SUMMARY


|CHAPTER 1 | PART 2|


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Graphite and Fullerene

Introduction:
  • Graphite: A naturally occurring form of crystalline carbon, widely used in industries and everyday applications. It has a layered structure.
  • Fullerene: A molecular form of carbon where atoms are arranged in hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes. The most common fullerene is C₆₀, shaped like a soccer ball.
Structure:
Graphite:
  • Composed of layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms.
  • Layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces, allowing them to slide over each other (reason for its lubricating properties).
  • Each carbon atom forms three bonds, leaving one free electron, making it a good conductor of electricity.
Fullerene:
  • Spherical or tube-like structures made of hexagonal and pentagonal carbon rings.
  • C₆₀ fullerene resembles a soccer ball with 60 carbon atoms.
  • Unlike graphite, fullerenes are zero-dimensional structures.
Applications:
Graphite:
  • Used in pencils (as lead) and as a lubricant.
  • Acts as an electrode material in batteries and electrolysis due to its conductivity.
  • Used in nuclear reactors as a moderator.
Fullerene:
  • In drug delivery systems for cancer treatments.
  • Used in making superconductors and solar cells.
  • Acts as an antioxidant in biomedical applications.
Nanomaterials
Introduction:
  • Nanomaterials: Materials with structures at the nanometer scale (1–100 nm), which have unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties compared to their bulk counterparts.
Preparation:
  1. Top-Down Approach: Breaking down bulk materials into nanoparticles (e.g., lithography, ball milling).
  1. Bottom-Up Approach: Building nanoparticles from atoms or molecules (e.g., chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method).
Characteristics:
  • High surface area to volume ratio.
  • Enhanced mechanical strength, chemical reactivity, and optical properties.
  • Possess unique electrical and magnetic properties.
Applications:
  • Medicine: Drug delivery, imaging, and cancer treatment.
  • Energy: Used in solar panels, fuel cells, and batteries.
  • Environment: Water purification and pollution control.
  • Electronics: Used in semiconductors and nano-electronic devices.
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Introduction:
  • CNTs are cylindrical structures of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern.
  • Types:
  • Single-Walled CNTs (SWCNTs): One cylindrical wall.
  • Multi-Walled CNTs (MWCNTs): Multiple concentric cylindrical walls.
Characteristics:
  • Exceptional mechanical strength (stronger than steel but lightweight).
  • Excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
  • Chemically stable and resistant to heat.
Applications:
  • Electronics: Used in transistors, sensors, and conductive materials.
  • Medicine: Drug delivery and imaging.
  • Energy: Used in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.
  • Aerospace: Reinforcing materials for lightweight, durable structures.
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